Coronavirus Studies in Nonhuman Primate Models
This page provides a curated list of coronavirus studies and reviews using nonhuman primate (NHP) models.
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ferritin-based, protein-nanoparticle vaccine, immune response, booster, primates
Summary of Study: A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine
References: doi: 10.1101/2022.12.25.521784
Contact Info: Peter S Kim: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521784v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ferritin-based, protein-nanoparticle vaccine, immune response, booster, primates
Summary of Study: A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine
References: doi: 10.1101/2022.12.25.521784
Contact Info: Peter S Kim: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521784v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; University of Washington; Washington National Primate Research Center; HDT Bio; NIAID
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, phage-based deep mutational scanning approach, spike protein, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in macaques shares many features with humans, but with substantial differences in the recognition of certain epitopes and considerable individual variability in antibody escape profiles, suggesting a diverse repertoire of antibodies that can respond to major epitopes in both humans and macaques.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.12.01.470697
Contact Info: Julie Overbaugh: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470697v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; University of Washington; Washington National Primate Research Center; HDT Bio; NIAID
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, phage-based deep mutational scanning approach, spike protein, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in macaques shares many features with humans, but with substantial differences in the recognition of certain epitopes and considerable individual variability in antibody escape profiles, suggesting a diverse repertoire of antibodies that can respond to major epitopes in both humans and macaques.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.12.01.470697
Contact Info: Julie Overbaugh: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470697v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NCI/NIH; BIOQUAL, Inc.; NIAID; Alchem Laboratories; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, virus genomic variants, mucosal booster vaccine, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Following SARS-CoV-2 beta variant challenge, NHPs that received one intranasal beta-variant booster demonstrated significant protection against viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, with almost full protection in the nasal cavity.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.10.19.464990
Contact Info: Yongjun Sui: [email protected]; Jay Berzofsky: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464990v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NCI/NIH; BIOQUAL, Inc.; NIAID; Alchem Laboratories; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, virus genomic variants, mucosal booster vaccine, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Following SARS-CoV-2 beta variant challenge, NHPs that received one intranasal beta-variant booster demonstrated significant protection against viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, with almost full protection in the nasal cavity.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.10.19.464990
Contact Info: Yongjun Sui: [email protected]; Jay Berzofsky: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464990v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, S-protein-based linear B-cell epitope candidates, several species
Summary of Study: Four top prioritized linear B-cell epitopes in the hotspot regions of S protein can specifically bind with serum antibodies from rhesus monkeys inoculated with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates or a patient recovering from COVID-19. This study suggests that the four linear B-cell epitopes are potentially important candidates for serological assay or vaccine development.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.13.422550
Contact Info: Jing Zhang: [email protected]/Hui Wang: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422550v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, S-protein-based linear B-cell epitope candidates, several species
Summary of Study: Four top prioritized linear B-cell epitopes in the hotspot regions of S protein can specifically bind with serum antibodies from rhesus monkeys inoculated with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates or a patient recovering from COVID-19. This study suggests that the four linear B-cell epitopes are potentially important candidates for serological assay or vaccine development.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.13.422550
Contact Info: Jing Zhang: [email protected]/Hui Wang: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422550v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus vectored vaccines, immunization, primates
Summary of Study: Two novel adenovirus vectored COVID-19 vaccines were produced, which, when used in succession, elicited robust humoral and T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques. These two vaccines are being planned for clinical phase I/II trials after an extensive safety evaluation has been carried out in pre-clinical animal examination.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.311480
Contact Info: Chengyao Li: [email protected]; Tingting L: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.311480v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus vectored vaccines, immunization, primates
Summary of Study: Two novel adenovirus vectored COVID-19 vaccines were produced, which, when used in succession, elicited robust humoral and T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques. These two vaccines are being planned for clinical phase I/II trials after an extensive safety evaluation has been carried out in pre-clinical animal examination.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.311480
Contact Info: Chengyao Li: [email protected]; Tingting L: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.311480v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, apoptosis in post-mortem lung, pathogenesis, primates
Summary of Study: Apoptosis was examined in post-mortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and lung tissues from NHP models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Multiple-target immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: PMID: 33398280/doi: 10.1101/2020.12.23.424254
Contact Info: Bin Gong: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424254v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, apoptosis in post-mortem lung, pathogenesis, primates
Summary of Study: Apoptosis was examined in post-mortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and lung tissues from NHP models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Multiple-target immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: PMID: 33398280/doi: 10.1101/2020.12.23.424254
Contact Info: Bin Gong: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424254v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: pigtail macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, vaccine candidate, receptor-binding domain, immune response, hamsters, mice, primates
Summary of Study: Nanocovax, a vaccine candidate based on recombinant protein production of the extracellular (soluble) portion of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, induced high levels of S protein-specific IgG, as well as neutralizing antibody in three animal models (mice, Syrian hamsters, and Macaca leonina (Northern pig-tailed macaque).
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.07.20.453162
Contact Info: Do Minh Si: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453162v1
NHP Species: pigtail macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, vaccine candidate, receptor-binding domain, immune response, hamsters, mice, primates
Summary of Study: Nanocovax, a vaccine candidate based on recombinant protein production of the extracellular (soluble) portion of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, induced high levels of S protein-specific IgG, as well as neutralizing antibody in three animal models (mice, Syrian hamsters, and Macaca leonina (Northern pig-tailed macaque).
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.07.20.453162
Contact Info: Do Minh Si: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453162v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID, Emory University
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, virus genome variants, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: Immunization with two doses of mRNA-1273 achieves effective immunity that rapidly controls lower and upper airway viral replication against the B-1.351 variant in NHP.
References: PMID: 34075375 / doi: 10.1101/2021.05.21.445189
Contact Info: Barney Graham: [email protected]; Robert Seder: [email protected];
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445189v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID, Emory University
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, virus genome variants, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: Immunization with two doses of mRNA-1273 achieves effective immunity that rapidly controls lower and upper airway viral replication against the B-1.351 variant in NHP.
References: PMID: 34075375 / doi: 10.1101/2021.05.21.445189
Contact Info: Barney Graham: [email protected]; Robert Seder: [email protected];
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445189v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID; CureVac AG
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Prime-boost vaccination with 4 ug of vaccine candidate CV07050101 resulted in limited immune responses in 4 out of 6 non-human primates.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.07.07.451505
Contact Info: Vincent Munster: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451505v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID; CureVac AG
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Prime-boost vaccination with 4 ug of vaccine candidate CV07050101 resulted in limited immune responses in 4 out of 6 non-human primates.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.07.07.451505
Contact Info: Vincent Munster: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451505v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: BGI-Shenzhen; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health; University of Copenhagen, Huazhen Biosciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology; University of Cambridge, and others.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, transcriptome, virus entry, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: The transcriptome of nine organs at single-cell resolution was profiled in monkeys.
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.04.10.022103
Contact Info: Xun Xu: [email protected]; Yong Hou: [email protected]; Miguel Estaban: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.022103v2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: BGI-Shenzhen; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health; University of Copenhagen, Huazhen Biosciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology; University of Cambridge, and others.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, transcriptome, virus entry, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: The transcriptome of nine organs at single-cell resolution was profiled in monkeys.
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.04.10.022103
Contact Info: Xun Xu: [email protected]; Yong Hou: [email protected]; Miguel Estaban: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.022103v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: National Cancer Institute/NIH; BIOQUAL; University of Athens; University of Washington
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, DNA-based vaccine, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: A vaccine regimen comprising simultaneous co-immunization of DNA and Protein at the same anatomical site showed best neutralizing abilities and was more effective than DNA alone in inducing protective immune responses and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.06.11.448032
Contact Info: Barbara Felber: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448032v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: National Cancer Institute/NIH; BIOQUAL; University of Athens; University of Washington
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, DNA-based vaccine, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: A vaccine regimen comprising simultaneous co-immunization of DNA and Protein at the same anatomical site showed best neutralizing abilities and was more effective than DNA alone in inducing protective immune responses and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.06.11.448032
Contact Info: Barbara Felber: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448032v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Beijing, China
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, therapeutics, human monoclonal antibody, primates
Summary of Study: The authors identify and characterize a potent human monoclonal antibody, HB27, that blocks SARS-CoV-2 attachment to its cellular receptor at sub-nM concentrations. Rhesus macaques showed no obvious adverse events when they received a 10-fold effective dose. These results suggest that HB27 is a promising candidate for COVID-19 immuno-therapies.
References: doi:Â https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.24.393629
Contact Info: Xiangxi Wang: [email protected]; Cheng-Feng Qin: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.393629v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Beijing, China
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, therapeutics, human monoclonal antibody, primates
Summary of Study: The authors identify and characterize a potent human monoclonal antibody, HB27, that blocks SARS-CoV-2 attachment to its cellular receptor at sub-nM concentrations. Rhesus macaques showed no obvious adverse events when they received a 10-fold effective dose. These results suggest that HB27 is a promising candidate for COVID-19 immuno-therapies.
References: doi:Â https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.24.393629
Contact Info: Xiangxi Wang: [email protected]; Cheng-Feng Qin: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.393629v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Duke University, UNC Chapel Hill, NIAID, Ragon Inst.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibodies, cryo-electron microscopy, binding, inflammation, primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 RBD and NTD antibodies can increase infection in vitro, but either protect or do not increase coronavirus replication in mouse and monkey models in vivo.
References: PMID: 33442694 / doi: 10.1101/2020.12.31.424729
Contact Info: Kevin Saunders: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424729v2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Duke University, UNC Chapel Hill, NIAID, Ragon Inst.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibodies, cryo-electron microscopy, binding, inflammation, primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 RBD and NTD antibodies can increase infection in vitro, but either protect or do not increase coronavirus replication in mouse and monkey models in vivo.
References: PMID: 33442694 / doi: 10.1101/2020.12.31.424729
Contact Info: Kevin Saunders: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424729v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: ImmunityBio, NantK west, Inc., IosBio
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine, efficacy, primates
Summary of Study: NHP immunized with the hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine generated anti-S IgG and showed inhibition in cPass and thus the presence of anti-S RBD neutralizing antibodies (nAbs).
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.12.08.416297
Contact Info: Patrick Soon-Shiong: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416297v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: ImmunityBio, NantK west, Inc., IosBio
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine, efficacy, primates
Summary of Study: NHP immunized with the hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine generated anti-S IgG and showed inhibition in cPass and thus the presence of anti-S RBD neutralizing antibodies (nAbs).
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.12.08.416297
Contact Info: Patrick Soon-Shiong: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416297v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: University of Pennsylvania
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, pseudovirus, neutralizing antibodies, mice, primates, humans
Summary of Study: SARs-CoV-2 recently mutated near the region targeted by many vaccines. The current study tested whether the mutation would hinder the ability of current vaccines to induce neutralizing antibodies in mice/NHPs/human serum. Their results indicate the viral mutation will not interfere with the effects of vaccines developed based on the original protein structure.
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159905
Contact Info: Drew Weissman, Email: [email protected] OR Davis Montefiori, email: [email protected]
URL: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.20159905v2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: University of Pennsylvania
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, pseudovirus, neutralizing antibodies, mice, primates, humans
Summary of Study: SARs-CoV-2 recently mutated near the region targeted by many vaccines. The current study tested whether the mutation would hinder the ability of current vaccines to induce neutralizing antibodies in mice/NHPs/human serum. Their results indicate the viral mutation will not interfere with the effects of vaccines developed based on the original protein structure.
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159905
Contact Info: Drew Weissman, Email: [email protected] OR Davis Montefiori, email: [email protected]
URL: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.20159905v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: California National Primate Research Center; University of California, Davis; Vitalant Research Institute; University of California, Irvine School of Medicine; DMID/NIAID/NIH; University of California, San Francisco
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, convalescent plasma, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: While administration of CCP did not result in a detectable reduction in virus replication in the respiratory tract, it significantly reduced lung inflammation in macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2.
References: PMID: 34494025 / doi: 10.1101/2021.09.01.458520
Contact Info: Koen Van Rompay: [email protected]; Rachel Reader: [email protected]; Michael Busch: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458520v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: California National Primate Research Center; University of California, Davis; Vitalant Research Institute; University of California, Irvine School of Medicine; DMID/NIAID/NIH; University of California, San Francisco
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, convalescent plasma, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: While administration of CCP did not result in a detectable reduction in virus replication in the respiratory tract, it significantly reduced lung inflammation in macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2.
References: PMID: 34494025 / doi: 10.1101/2021.09.01.458520
Contact Info: Koen Van Rompay: [email protected]; Rachel Reader: [email protected]; Michael Busch: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458520v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Washington National Primate Research Center; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Washington.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, single cell immune repertoire profiling, gene expression, primates
Summary of Study: Results establish the ability to perform high throughput scIRS analysis in rhesus macaques with comparable performances to commercially available platforms.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.08.17.456682
Contact Info: Xinxia Peng: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456682v1.supplementary-mater…
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Washington National Primate Research Center; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Washington.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, single cell immune repertoire profiling, gene expression, primates
Summary of Study: Results establish the ability to perform high throughput scIRS analysis in rhesus macaques with comparable performances to commercially available platforms.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.08.17.456682
Contact Info: Xinxia Peng: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456682v1.supplementary-mater…
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Chinese Academy of Sciences; Henan Normal University; Guangzhou Medical University; Fudan University
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, inflammation, lung pathology, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 triggers an immediate mast cell (MC) degranulation, which initiates the alveolar epithelial inflammation and disrupts the tight junction. MC stabilizers that block degranulation reduce virus-induced lung inflammation and injury.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.06.24.449680
Contact Info: Jian-Hua Wang: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449680v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Chinese Academy of Sciences; Henan Normal University; Guangzhou Medical University; Fudan University
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, inflammation, lung pathology, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 triggers an immediate mast cell (MC) degranulation, which initiates the alveolar epithelial inflammation and disrupts the tight junction. MC stabilizers that block degranulation reduce virus-induced lung inflammation and injury.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.06.24.449680
Contact Info: Jian-Hua Wang: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449680v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: University of Liverpool, Public Health England, University of Bristol, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, the leader-transcriptional regulatory sequence gene junction, high resolution sequencing, primates
Summary of Study: LeTRS, a bioinformatics tool, identified known leader-TRS-junctions and identified novel species that were common across different species. The data indicated multi-phasic abundance of sgmRNAs in two different NHP models, with spikes in sgmRNA abundance reflected in human samples, and therefore has implications for transmission models and nucleic acid-based diagnostics.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.03.03.433753
Contact Info: Julian Hiscox: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433753v2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: University of Liverpool, Public Health England, University of Bristol, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, the leader-transcriptional regulatory sequence gene junction, high resolution sequencing, primates
Summary of Study: LeTRS, a bioinformatics tool, identified known leader-TRS-junctions and identified novel species that were common across different species. The data indicated multi-phasic abundance of sgmRNAs in two different NHP models, with spikes in sgmRNA abundance reflected in human samples, and therefore has implications for transmission models and nucleic acid-based diagnostics.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.03.03.433753
Contact Info: Julian Hiscox: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433753v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: SL VaxiGen Inc., Genexine Inc., Sorea Bio Park, Scongnam, Republic of Korea
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, DNA-based vaccine candidate, GX-19, immunization, primates
Summary of Study: Vaccination with vaccine candidate GX-19 elicits a concurrent humoral response and Th1-biased immune responses in both mice and non-human primate models. In NHPs this response includes neutralizing antibodies that provide potent protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.09.334136
Contact Info: Young Chul Sung: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.334136v1
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: SL VaxiGen Inc., Genexine Inc., Sorea Bio Park, Scongnam, Republic of Korea
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, DNA-based vaccine candidate, GX-19, immunization, primates
Summary of Study: Vaccination with vaccine candidate GX-19 elicits a concurrent humoral response and Th1-biased immune responses in both mice and non-human primate models. In NHPs this response includes neutralizing antibodies that provide potent protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.09.334136
Contact Info: Young Chul Sung: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.334136v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID, Emory University, Moderna
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: Immunization with two doses of mRNA-1273 achieves effective immunity that rapidly controls lower and upper airway viral replication against the B.1.351 variant in NHP.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.05.21.445189
Contact Info: Barney Graham: [email protected]; Robert Seder: [email protected];
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445189v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID, Emory University, Moderna
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: Immunization with two doses of mRNA-1273 achieves effective immunity that rapidly controls lower and upper airway viral replication against the B.1.351 variant in NHP.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.05.21.445189
Contact Info: Barney Graham: [email protected]; Robert Seder: [email protected];
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445189v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Southwest National Primate Research Center; Washington University SOM; TX Biomedical Research Institute; Tulane University
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, bronchoalveolar lavage, transcription profiling, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: The recruitment of a myeloid-cell-mediated Type I IFN response is associated with the rapid clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques.
References: PMID: 34282414 / doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-664507/v1
Contact Info: Dhiraj Singh: [email protected]
URL: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-664507/v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Southwest National Primate Research Center; Washington University SOM; TX Biomedical Research Institute; Tulane University
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, bronchoalveolar lavage, transcription profiling, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: The recruitment of a myeloid-cell-mediated Type I IFN response is associated with the rapid clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques.
References: PMID: 34282414 / doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-664507/v1
Contact Info: Dhiraj Singh: [email protected]
URL: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-664507/v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Vyriad Inc.; Imanis Life Sciences; Mayo Clinic; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; University of Minnesota
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, oral rhabdoviral vaccine, boost, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: A relevant translational NHP model was used to demonstrate the safety and oral immunogenicity of a VSV-derived mucosal vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Pre-IND discussion with FDA are ongoing.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.10.16.464660
Contact Info: Stephen Russell: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464660v1
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Vyriad Inc.; Imanis Life Sciences; Mayo Clinic; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; University of Minnesota
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, oral rhabdoviral vaccine, boost, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: A relevant translational NHP model was used to demonstrate the safety and oral immunogenicity of a VSV-derived mucosal vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Pre-IND discussion with FDA are ongoing.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.10.16.464660
Contact Info: Stephen Russell: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464660v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques, pigtail macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Telangana, India
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 receptor of various species, several species.
Summary of Study: The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain with its receptor (ACE2) in different hosts was evaluated to understand and predict viral entry. Most of the species considered in this study showed high probability of viral entry and should be followed to determine their ability to act as carriers and/or disseminators.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.084327
Contact Info: Ravi Kumar Gandham: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084327v4
NHP Species: rhesus macaques, pigtail macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Telangana, India
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 receptor of various species, several species.
Summary of Study: The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain with its receptor (ACE2) in different hosts was evaluated to understand and predict viral entry. Most of the species considered in this study showed high probability of viral entry and should be followed to determine their ability to act as carriers and/or disseminators.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.084327
Contact Info: Ravi Kumar Gandham: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084327v4
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: University of Hawaii, Bioqual, Inc., Soligenix, Inc.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, recombinant subunit protein vaccine, spike protein, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: A recombinant subunit protein formulated with CoVaccine HT adjuvant induces superior immunity than natural infection and reduces viral load while protecting cynomolgus macaques from COVID-19-like disease caused by late SARS-CoV-2 P.1 (Gamma) challenge.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.09.24.461759
Contact Info: Axel Lehrer: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461759v1
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: University of Hawaii, Bioqual, Inc., Soligenix, Inc.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, recombinant subunit protein vaccine, spike protein, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: A recombinant subunit protein formulated with CoVaccine HT adjuvant induces superior immunity than natural infection and reduces viral load while protecting cynomolgus macaques from COVID-19-like disease caused by late SARS-CoV-2 P.1 (Gamma) challenge.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.09.24.461759
Contact Info: Axel Lehrer: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461759v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Duke University School of Medicine
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibodies, mice and primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can mediate infection enhancement in vitro. However, this in vitro phenotype does not translate to enhanced infection in a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These preclinical results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antibody treatments or the induction of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by vaccination have a low likelihood of exacerbating COVID-19 disease in humans.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.31.424729
Contact Info: Barton Haynes: [email protected]/Kevin Saunders: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424729v2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Duke University School of Medicine
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibodies, mice and primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can mediate infection enhancement in vitro. However, this in vitro phenotype does not translate to enhanced infection in a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These preclinical results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antibody treatments or the induction of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by vaccination have a low likelihood of exacerbating COVID-19 disease in humans.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.31.424729
Contact Info: Barton Haynes: [email protected]/Kevin Saunders: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424729v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: CureVac AG Tuebingen, Germany
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine CVnCoV, safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, primates
Summary of Study: The efficacy of CVnCoV, a lipid-nanoparticle encapsulated, sequence optimized mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was evaluated. The study demonstrates that CVnCoV induces robust humoral and cellular responses in non-human primates. These results demonstrate safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of this vaccine that extend beyond previously published preclinical data and provide strong support for further clinical testing in ongoing phase 2b/3 efficacy studies.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.23.424138
Contact Info: no contact information provided
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424138v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: CureVac AG Tuebingen, Germany
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine CVnCoV, safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, primates
Summary of Study: The efficacy of CVnCoV, a lipid-nanoparticle encapsulated, sequence optimized mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was evaluated. The study demonstrates that CVnCoV induces robust humoral and cellular responses in non-human primates. These results demonstrate safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of this vaccine that extend beyond previously published preclinical data and provide strong support for further clinical testing in ongoing phase 2b/3 efficacy studies.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.23.424138
Contact Info: no contact information provided
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424138v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: african green monkeys, rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Tulane NPRC
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Increased levels of monocytes and chemokines after infection is associated with viral load and disease severity
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.213777
Contact Info: Monica Vaccari, [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213777v1%20
NHP Species: african green monkeys, rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Tulane NPRC
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Increased levels of monocytes and chemokines after infection is associated with viral load and disease severity
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.213777
Contact Info: Monica Vaccari, [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213777v1%20
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Shanghai Jemincare Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan Institute of Virology, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, antivirus antibodies, prophylactic and potent therapeutic efficacy, primates
Summary of Study: Antibody JMB2002 demonstrated complete prophylactic and potent therapeutic efficacy in a rhesus macaque disease model.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.02.07.429299
Contact Info: Wuxiang Guan: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.429299v2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Shanghai Jemincare Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan Institute of Virology, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, antivirus antibodies, prophylactic and potent therapeutic efficacy, primates
Summary of Study: Antibody JMB2002 demonstrated complete prophylactic and potent therapeutic efficacy in a rhesus macaque disease model.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.02.07.429299
Contact Info: Wuxiang Guan: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.429299v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Inserm, CEA, Paris, France; University of Amsterdam; and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, prophylactic and therapeutic effect of COVA1-18 in vivo, several species, primates
Summary of Study: COVA1-18, a neutralizing antibody isolated from a convalescent patient and highly potent against the B.1.1.7 isolate, had very strong antiviral activity in the upper respiratory compartments of cynomolgus macaques, with an estimated reduction in viral infectivity of more than 95%, and prevented lymphopenia and extensive lung lesions.
References: PMID: 33619476 / doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-235272/v1
Contact Info: Roger LeGrand: [email protected]; MJ Van Gils: [email protected]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7899470/pdf/nihpp-rs235272v1.pdf
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Inserm, CEA, Paris, France; University of Amsterdam; and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, prophylactic and therapeutic effect of COVA1-18 in vivo, several species, primates
Summary of Study: COVA1-18, a neutralizing antibody isolated from a convalescent patient and highly potent against the B.1.1.7 isolate, had very strong antiviral activity in the upper respiratory compartments of cynomolgus macaques, with an estimated reduction in viral infectivity of more than 95%, and prevented lymphopenia and extensive lung lesions.
References: PMID: 33619476 / doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-235272/v1
Contact Info: Roger LeGrand: [email protected]; MJ Van Gils: [email protected]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7899470/pdf/nihpp-rs235272v1.pdf
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Novavax, Inc. 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, subunit vaccine, pulmonary disease, primates
Summary of Study: Cynomolgus macaques immunized with NVX-CoV2373 and the saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant induced antibody that was neutralizing and blocked binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Following intranasal and intratracheal challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunized macaques were protected against upper and lower infection and pulmonary disease.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.18.256578
Contact Info: Gale Smith at [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256578v1
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Novavax, Inc. 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, subunit vaccine, pulmonary disease, primates
Summary of Study: Cynomolgus macaques immunized with NVX-CoV2373 and the saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant induced antibody that was neutralizing and blocked binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Following intranasal and intratracheal challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunized macaques were protected against upper and lower infection and pulmonary disease.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.18.256578
Contact Info: Gale Smith at [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256578v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Yerkes NPRC, NIH, Ragon Institute, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, adjuvanted soluble protein vaccines, binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology, primates
Summary of Study: Potent serum antibody responses are induced by soluble S trimers formulated with the oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant AS03, which conferred protection in the upper and lower airways of rhesus macaques following SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
References: PMID: 33688652 / doi: 10.1101/2021.03.02.433390
Contact Info: Robert Seder: [email protected]
URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33688652/
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Yerkes NPRC, NIH, Ragon Institute, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, adjuvanted soluble protein vaccines, binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology, primates
Summary of Study: Potent serum antibody responses are induced by soluble S trimers formulated with the oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant AS03, which conferred protection in the upper and lower airways of rhesus macaques following SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
References: PMID: 33688652 / doi: 10.1101/2021.03.02.433390
Contact Info: Robert Seder: [email protected]
URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33688652/
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Eli Lilly & Co.; NIAID
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, anti-spike neutralizing antibodies, primate challenge model
Summary of Study: Prophylactic treatment with LY-CoV555 (a neutralizing antibody) resulted in significant decreases in viral load (gRNA) and viral replication (sgRNA) in the lower respiratory tract of rhesus macaques following SARS-CoV2 inoculation, based on determination in BAL and lung tissue.
References: doi:Â https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.318972
Contact Info: Bryan Jones: [email protected]; Ester Falconer: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.318972v3
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Eli Lilly & Co.; NIAID
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, anti-spike neutralizing antibodies, primate challenge model
Summary of Study: Prophylactic treatment with LY-CoV555 (a neutralizing antibody) resulted in significant decreases in viral load (gRNA) and viral replication (sgRNA) in the lower respiratory tract of rhesus macaques following SARS-CoV2 inoculation, based on determination in BAL and lung tissue.
References: doi:Â https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.318972
Contact Info: Bryan Jones: [email protected]; Ester Falconer: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.318972v3
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: NIAID/NIH
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, virus variants, pathogenicity, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: A side-by-side comparison of three SARS-CoV-2 variants suggests that ongoing circulation under diverse evolutionary pressures favors transmissibility and immune evasion rather than an increase in intrinsic pathogenicity.
References: PMID: 34382034 / doi: 10.1101/2021.05.07.443115
Contact Info: Emmie de Wit: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443115v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: NIAID/NIH
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, virus variants, pathogenicity, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: A side-by-side comparison of three SARS-CoV-2 variants suggests that ongoing circulation under diverse evolutionary pressures favors transmissibility and immune evasion rather than an increase in intrinsic pathogenicity.
References: PMID: 34382034 / doi: 10.1101/2021.05.07.443115
Contact Info: Emmie de Wit: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443115v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: marmosets, howler monkeys
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade de Brasilia; State University of Santa Cruz, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, wild animals, epidemiology, neotropical primates
Summary of Study: 51 neotropical NHPs were examined for serological and virological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections. No evidence of viral spillover into these populations was found.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.06.17.448890
Contact Info: Danilo Bretas deOliveira: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448890v1
NHP Species: marmosets, howler monkeys
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade de Brasilia; State University of Santa Cruz, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, wild animals, epidemiology, neotropical primates
Summary of Study: 51 neotropical NHPs were examined for serological and virological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections. No evidence of viral spillover into these populations was found.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.06.17.448890
Contact Info: Danilo Bretas deOliveira: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448890v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: african green monkeys
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, viral RNA, evolution, genomic variants, primates
Summary of Study: Study confirmed importance of an intact furin cleavage site for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo; a new SARS-CoV-2 strain exclusive to the African green monkey species was identified.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.08.22.457295
Contact Info: Nicolas Maness: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457295v1.full
NHP Species: african green monkeys
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, viral RNA, evolution, genomic variants, primates
Summary of Study: Study confirmed importance of an intact furin cleavage site for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo; a new SARS-CoV-2 strain exclusive to the African green monkey species was identified.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.08.22.457295
Contact Info: Nicolas Maness: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457295v1.full
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: ONPRC/YNPRC
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, kinase inhibitor, primates
Summary of Study: Baricitinib treatment resolves lower airway inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.300277
Contact Info: Dr. Mirko Paiardini; E-mail address: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300277v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: ONPRC/YNPRC
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, kinase inhibitor, primates
Summary of Study: Baricitinib treatment resolves lower airway inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.300277
Contact Info: Dr. Mirko Paiardini; E-mail address: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300277v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: University of Liverpool; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections; University of Bristol; IK Health Security Agency; Mahidol University; Alder Hey Children's Hospital; Imperial College London; The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh; Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust; University of Oxford; A*STAR, Singapore.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, viral genomic variants, variant prediction, primates
Summary of Study: The selection pressure at two positions (the P323L and the D614G substitutions in the in NSP12 and the spike protein, respectively) was evaluated in two non-human primate models. The data in this study indicates that in some cases it may be possible to predict the emergence of a new dominant viral genome sequence and hence a new variant.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.12.23.474030
Contact Info: Julian Hiscox: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474030v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: University of Liverpool; NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections; University of Bristol; IK Health Security Agency; Mahidol University; Alder Hey Children's Hospital; Imperial College London; The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh; Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust; University of Oxford; A*STAR, Singapore.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, viral genomic variants, variant prediction, primates
Summary of Study: The selection pressure at two positions (the P323L and the D614G substitutions in the in NSP12 and the spike protein, respectively) was evaluated in two non-human primate models. The data in this study indicates that in some cases it may be possible to predict the emergence of a new dominant viral genome sequence and hence a new variant.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.12.23.474030
Contact Info: Julian Hiscox: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474030v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: California Institute of Technology; NIAID, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Bioqual; University of Oxford; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, spike receptor-binding domains, mosaic nanoparticles, immunogenicity, mice, primates
Summary of Study: A mosaic RBD nanoparticle presenting 8 different sarbecovirus RBDs protected against challenges from both matched and mismatched sarbecoviruses, as compared with homotypic SARS-2 RBD nanoparticles that protected fully only against a matched challenge.
References: PMID: 35378752 / doi: 10.1101/2022.03.25.485875
Contact Info: Pamela Bjorkman: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485875v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: California Institute of Technology; NIAID, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Bioqual; University of Oxford; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, spike receptor-binding domains, mosaic nanoparticles, immunogenicity, mice, primates
Summary of Study: A mosaic RBD nanoparticle presenting 8 different sarbecovirus RBDs protected against challenges from both matched and mismatched sarbecoviruses, as compared with homotypic SARS-2 RBD nanoparticles that protected fully only against a matched challenge.
References: PMID: 35378752 / doi: 10.1101/2022.03.25.485875
Contact Info: Pamela Bjorkman: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485875v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID, Emory, OLAW,
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine, pediatric, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Intranasal pediatric parainfluenza virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate is protective in macaques
References: PMID: 35665011 PMCID: PMC9164439 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.21.492923
Contact Info: Ursula J. Buchholz: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492923v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: NIAID, Emory, OLAW,
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine, pediatric, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Intranasal pediatric parainfluenza virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate is protective in macaques
References: PMID: 35665011 PMCID: PMC9164439 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.21.492923
Contact Info: Ursula J. Buchholz: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492923v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Westlake University, China; University of Texas, medical Branch; Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co.; China CDC; Zhengzhou University People's Hospital; Jecho Laboratories (Frederick, MD)
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, monoclonal antibody, virus genomic variants, spike protein, mice, primates
Summary of Study: This report characterizes the therapeutic antibodies specific to the tip of spike against SARS-CoV-2 and suggests the potential of antibody treatment with 2G1 to bring clinical benefit to COVID-19 patients.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.09.24.461616
Contact Info: Lei Han: [email protected]; Hua Jiang: [email protected]; Yueqing Xie: jecholabs.com; Qiang Zhou: [email protected]; Jianwei Zhu: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461616v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Westlake University, China; University of Texas, medical Branch; Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co.; China CDC; Zhengzhou University People's Hospital; Jecho Laboratories (Frederick, MD)
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, monoclonal antibody, virus genomic variants, spike protein, mice, primates
Summary of Study: This report characterizes the therapeutic antibodies specific to the tip of spike against SARS-CoV-2 and suggests the potential of antibody treatment with 2G1 to bring clinical benefit to COVID-19 patients.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.09.24.461616
Contact Info: Lei Han: [email protected]; Hua Jiang: [email protected]; Yueqing Xie: jecholabs.com; Qiang Zhou: [email protected]; Jianwei Zhu: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461616v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: pigtail macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Tulane National Primate Research Center; Tulane University School of Medicine; Florida State University; University of Texas Medical Branch, Perelman School of Medicine; and others.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, respiratory viral challenge, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 infection of pigtail macaques recapitulates important features of COVID-19 and reveals new immune and viral dynamics and thus may serve as a useful animal model for studying pathogenesis and testing vaccines and therapeutics.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.08.28.458047
Contact Info: Nicholas Maness: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458047v1
NHP Species: pigtail macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Tulane National Primate Research Center; Tulane University School of Medicine; Florida State University; University of Texas Medical Branch, Perelman School of Medicine; and others.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, respiratory viral challenge, immune response, pathology, primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 infection of pigtail macaques recapitulates important features of COVID-19 and reveals new immune and viral dynamics and thus may serve as a useful animal model for studying pathogenesis and testing vaccines and therapeutics.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.08.28.458047
Contact Info: Nicholas Maness: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458047v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Biomedical Primate Research Centre, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC; Utrecht University, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, brain inflammation, longitudinal positron emission tomography, neuropathology,primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 causes brain inflammation and Lewy bodies, a hallmark for Parkinson, after an asymptomatic infection in macaques.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.02.23.432474
Contact Info: Ingrid Philippens: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432474v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Biomedical Primate Research Centre, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC; Utrecht University, and others
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, brain inflammation, longitudinal positron emission tomography, neuropathology,primates
Summary of Study: SARS-CoV-2 causes brain inflammation and Lewy bodies, a hallmark for Parkinson, after an asymptomatic infection in macaques.
References: doi: 10.1101/2021.02.23.432474
Contact Info: Ingrid Philippens: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432474v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: CureVac AG; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Harvard Medical School
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, immunogenicity and protective efficacy, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Optimization of non-coding regions can greatly improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a non-modified mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in macaques. Improved characteristics of CV2CoV, compared with CVnCoV, may translate into increased efficacy in humans, and clinical trials of CV2C0V are planned.
References: doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04231-6
Contact Info: Susanne Rauch: [email protected]; Daniel Barouch: [email protected]
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04231-6
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: CureVac AG; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Harvard Medical School
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine, immunogenicity and protective efficacy, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Optimization of non-coding regions can greatly improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a non-modified mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in macaques. Improved characteristics of CV2CoV, compared with CVnCoV, may translate into increased efficacy in humans, and clinical trials of CV2C0V are planned.
References: doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04231-6
Contact Info: Susanne Rauch: [email protected]; Daniel Barouch: [email protected]
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04231-6
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, post-acute phase, pulmonary disease, primates
Summary of Study: Study provides a detailed description of the pathogenesis of a low-passage SARS-CoV-2 isolate in two macaque species (rhesus and cynomolgus) and suggests both species represent an equally good model for COVID-19 prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.05.369413
Contact Info: Ernst. J. Verschoor: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.369413v2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, post-acute phase, pulmonary disease, primates
Summary of Study: Study provides a detailed description of the pathogenesis of a low-passage SARS-CoV-2 isolate in two macaque species (rhesus and cynomolgus) and suggests both species represent an equally good model for COVID-19 prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.05.369413
Contact Info: Ernst. J. Verschoor: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.369413v2
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Tulane NPRC, Yerkes NPRC, New Iberia Research Center, Stanford
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, subunit nanoparticle vaccine, primates
Summary of Study: These data reveal the promising performance of several adjuvants including AS03 and CpG 1018 (with Alum), which have been used in licensed vaccines, when used in conjunction with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-NP immunogen.
References: PMID: 33594366 / doi: 10.1101/2021.02.10.430696
Contact Info: Bali Pulendran: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430696v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Tulane NPRC, Yerkes NPRC, New Iberia Research Center, Stanford
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, subunit nanoparticle vaccine, primates
Summary of Study: These data reveal the promising performance of several adjuvants including AS03 and CpG 1018 (with Alum), which have been used in licensed vaccines, when used in conjunction with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-NP immunogen.
References: PMID: 33594366 / doi: 10.1101/2021.02.10.430696
Contact Info: Bali Pulendran: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430696v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, interferon (IFN)-armed receptor-binding domain, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: The pan-epitope modified human I-R-F (I-P-R-F) vaccine provides rapid and complete protection throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts against a high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques.
References: doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00531-8
Contact Info: Hua Peng: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00531-8/email/correspondent/c3/new
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00531-8
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, interferon (IFN)-armed receptor-binding domain, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: The pan-epitope modified human I-R-F (I-P-R-F) vaccine provides rapid and complete protection throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts against a high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques.
References: doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00531-8
Contact Info: Hua Peng: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00531-8/email/correspondent/c3/new
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00531-8
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Harvard Medical School
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Multiplexed proteomics and imaging, acute respiratory distress, primates
Summary of Study: The data in this paper highlight the ability of proteomics, imaging, and spatial transcriptomics of the same specimens to trace successive steps in diverse regulatory cascades. This approach is applicable to any fixed tissue. No other approach involving readily available histological specimens provides a similarly integrated picture of a disease process.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.339952
Contact Info: Marian Kalocsay: [email protected]; Peter Sorger: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339952v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review:
NPRC/Institute: Harvard Medical School
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Multiplexed proteomics and imaging, acute respiratory distress, primates
Summary of Study: The data in this paper highlight the ability of proteomics, imaging, and spatial transcriptomics of the same specimens to trace successive steps in diverse regulatory cascades. This approach is applicable to any fixed tissue. No other approach involving readily available histological specimens provides a similarly integrated picture of a disease process.
References: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.339952
Contact Info: Marian Kalocsay: [email protected]; Peter Sorger: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339952v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: SWNPRC/BioNtech
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, RNA vaccine, immune response, mice, primates
Summary of Study: This study challenged immunization with the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate containing mRNA encoding for the spike glycoprotein in mice and monkeys. Immunization in mice induced a strong immune response and immunization in monkeys fully protected the animal's lungs from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.09.08.280818
Contact Info: Ugur Sahin; Email: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.280818v1
NHP Species: rhesus macaques
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: SWNPRC/BioNtech
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, RNA vaccine, immune response, mice, primates
Summary of Study: This study challenged immunization with the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate containing mRNA encoding for the spike glycoprotein in mice and monkeys. Immunization in mice induced a strong immune response and immunization in monkeys fully protected the animal's lungs from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
References: doi: 10.1101/2020.09.08.280818
Contact Info: Ugur Sahin; Email: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.280818v1
Coronavirus Investigated: SARS-CoV-2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Duke University School of Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; NIAID; Division of Viral Products, FDA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; University of Pennsylvania; Corporate Research Materials Lab, 3M Company; Infectious Disease Research Institute; BIOQUAL
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ferritin nanoparticle (RBD-scNP) vaccine, virus variants, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Study demonstrates that scNP vaccines with SARS-CoV-2 spike or spike subunits confer potent protection in NHPs against WA-1, Beta and Delta variants, and that they induce neutralizing antibodies to all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested in vitro.
References: doi: 10.1101/2022.01.26.477915
Contact Info: Kevin Saunders: [email protected]; Barton Haynes: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477915v2
NHP Species:
Year Published:
Study Type/Review: vaccine
NPRC/Institute: Duke University School of Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; NIAID; Division of Viral Products, FDA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; University of Pennsylvania; Corporate Research Materials Lab, 3M Company; Infectious Disease Research Institute; BIOQUAL
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ferritin nanoparticle (RBD-scNP) vaccine, virus variants, immune response, primates
Summary of Study: Study demonstrates that scNP vaccines with SARS-CoV-2 spike or spike subunits confer potent protection in NHPs against WA-1, Beta and Delta variants, and that they induce neutralizing antibodies to all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested in vitro.
References: doi: 10.1101/2022.01.26.477915
Contact Info: Kevin Saunders: [email protected]; Barton Haynes: [email protected]
URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477915v2