Researchers investigated the relationship between the mucosal Th17 and Treg cell ratio in response to acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viremia and combination ART (cART) in rhesus macaques. Th17/Treg ratios decreased during acute SIV infection and were not restored during cART, and this corresponded to increased gut immune activation, markers of microbial translocation, and T-cell exhaustion. A more balanced mucosal Th17/Treg ratio at the time of cART initiation was indicative of a better virologic response to cART and higher peripheral CD4 T cell counts. The results suggest mucosal Th17 and Treg homeostasis influences acute viremia and the response to cART.
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